Disasters are severe natural or human-made events causing damage to life, property, and the environment. These events can occur suddenly, like earthquakes or oil spills, or unfold gradually, such as droughts or pandemics. India’s unique geography and socio-economic challenges make it highly prone to various natural and man-made disasters. Understanding these hazards is crucial for effective disaster management, especially for UGC NET aspirants.
Types of Natural Hazards for UGC NET
India faces diverse natural hazards due to its geographic location and climatic patterns. Here’s an overview of the major natural hazards:
Earthquakes: A Shaking Threat
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates beneath the Earth’s surface move, releasing energy as seismic waves. Over 60% of India is earthquake-prone, especially in regions like the Himalayas, Gujarat, and parts of the Northeast.
- Example: The Gujarat earthquake of 2001 caused extensive damage and loss of life.
- Mitigation: Enforcing building codes and promoting earthquake-resistant structures can reduce damage.
Floods: Overflowing Rivers and Cities
Floods in India are triggered by heavy rainfall, river overflow, or poor drainage systems. Regions like Assam and Bihar frequently experience floods, disrupting lives and livelihoods.
- Example: In 2020, Assam faced severe floods affecting millions and destroying crops.
- Mitigation: Construction of dams, better urban drainage systems, and floodplain zoning can help.
Cyclones: Whirling Storms
Cyclones are intense storms formed over warm oceans. India’s long coastline is highly vulnerable to cyclones, especially in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea regions.
- Example: Cyclone Amphan in 2020 severely impacted West Bengal and Odisha.
- Mitigation: Coastal afforestation and cyclone shelters can save lives.
Droughts: Scarcity of Water
Droughts occur due to insufficient rainfall over an extended period, affecting agriculture and water supply. Around 68% of India’s agricultural land is drought-prone.
- Example: The 2016 drought in Maharashtra affected millions, leading to water shortages.
- Mitigation: Rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation techniques like drip irrigation are essential.
Landslides: Shifting Slopes
Landslides are common in hilly regions like the Himalayas and the Western Ghats. They are often caused by heavy rainfall, deforestation, or earthquakes.
- Example: The 2021 landslide in Himachal Pradesh blocked roads and caused fatalities.
- Mitigation: Planting trees, controlling deforestation, and monitoring soil stability can reduce risks.
Mitigation Strategies for UGC NET: Managing Disasters
Mitigating disasters requires proactive steps, strong policies, and active community participation. Here’s a detailed look at strategies to reduce disaster risks:
Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction: Planning Ahead
Being prepared is the first step to disaster management. Disaster risk reduction focuses on identifying vulnerabilities and minimizing potential damage.
| Key Measures | Examples |
| Enforcing strict building codes | Earthquake-resistant buildings in high-risk zones |
| Regular training and drills | Mock flood evacuation drills in schools and offices |
| Public awareness campaigns | Cyclone preparedness programs for coastal communities |
Early Warning Systems and Community Resilience: Acting Fast
Early warning systems can save lives by providing timely alerts. Empowering communities to act quickly is equally important.
- Example: The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) issues cyclone alerts, helping coastal residents evacuate in time.
- Key Technologies: Satellite monitoring, seismic sensors, and mobile-based alert systems.
Role of Government and International Organizations: Coordinating Efforts
Governments play a vital role in disaster response and mitigation, supported by global frameworks and organizations.
| Entity | Role |
| National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) | Formulating policies and coordinating disaster management efforts |
| State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) | Implementing local disaster plans. |
| Sendai Framework | A global framework for disaster risk reduction. |
Environmental Impact of Natural Hazards: UGC NET Highlights
Natural disasters cause severe environmental degradation. Floods wash away fertile soil, earthquakes disturb ecosystems, and cyclones damage forests and coastlines. Mitigation strategies like afforestation, eco-sensitive infrastructure, and sustainable resource management can help.
| Hazard | Environmental Impact |
| Earthquakes | Disturbance of ecosystems, soil liquefaction. |
| Floods | Soil erosion, contamination of water sources. |
| Cyclones | Destruction of mangroves and coral reefs. |
Man-Made Disasters: A Growing Concern for UGC NET
Man-made disasters, such as industrial accidents, chemical spills, and urban flooding, often exacerbate natural hazards. The 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, where toxic gas leakage killed thousands, highlights the need for strict safety regulations.
Conclusion
Disasters, both natural and human-made, significantly impact India’s environment, economy, and society. Proactive disaster management strategies, public awareness, and sustainable practices are vital for minimizing losses and fostering resilience. For UGC NET aspirants, mastering disaster management concepts is essential for academic success and creating meaningful contributions to disaster risk reduction.
